What is 2-Factor Authentication (2FA)?

Introduction

In today’s increasingly digital world, data security is paramount. As we entrust our sensitive information and financial assets to online platforms, the traditional password method no longer suffices. It’s time to fortify our digital identities against cyber threats. This article delves into the crucial role of 2-factor authentication (2FA) in safeguarding our accounts and data.

We’ll explore what 2FA is, how it works, and the various methods available, ultimately highlighting its immense advantages in securing our digital realm. Whether you’re a seasoned crypto investor or simply value online privacy, this article equips you with the knowledge and understanding to implement this invaluable security measure.

What is 2-Factor Authentication (2FA)?

Two-factor authentication or 2FA is an additional layer of security procedure that requires a user to provide two different forms of identification before granting access to a system or protocol they seek to explore. This security procedure provides a more secure and robust way of protecting user’s sensitive data or financial information.

In the crypto space, numerous on-ramp transactions require users to create passwords to access specific websites and perform transactions. While creating a strong password for the primary layer of security is beneficial, it doesn’t guarantee the safety of a user’s data, especially against malicious cyber attacks.

Skilled hackers can crack these passwords, resulting in significant losses for the user. Despite the initial layer of security provided by passwords, it’s crucial to implement advanced security procedures to fortify the protection of sensitive information and assets.

According to Reuters News, over $3 billion was stolen in cryptocurrency in 2022, marking it as one of the largest breaches recorded by hackers in history. Most of these thefts are carried out due to poor security measures by users on their wallets, while others occur through phishing; a tactic hackers use to lure wallet holders into divulging their private keys or wallet details.

With Two two-factor authentication, all of these security breaches are prevented, as a user will have to provide another means of authentication before accessing their accounts or performing transactions.

Types of 2-Factor Authentication

Source: MSP360

SMS-Based 2-Factor Authentication

This is one of the most common types of 2FA. It operates by using text messages to provide an additional layer of security when a user attempts to log into an account or access data.

After the user enters their username and password into the system, it generates a one-time security code and sends it to their registered mobile phone number via text message.

The user receives the SMS containing the unique code and is required to promptly enter the code into the specified field on the login screen within a limited time window.

If the user correctly enters the code that matches the one sent via SMS, access is granted, allowing the user entry into the account, system, or data.

Push Notification-based 2-Factor Authentication

This is another type of 2FA that utilizes mobile devices to grant user access. After entering the username and password, the system sends a push notification to the user’s registered device, prompting them to approve or deny the login attempt. The user receives the notification on their device, usually with options to “approve” or ‘“reject” the login.

If the user approves the login request, access is granted to the account or system. If the user rejects it, a message is sent to the user, suggesting they change their password due to a suspected account breach.

Authentication App-based 2-Factor Authentication

It leverages specialized mobile applications known as Authentication Apps to provide an additional layer of security during the login process.

In this type, a user installs a designated Authentication App (e.g. Google Authenticator) on their mobile device and connects it with a particular system or account they want to fortify.

The Authentication app generates one-time, time-sensitive codes that are often refreshed every 30 seconds. Users access the Authentication app to copy the verification code corresponding to the account they wish to log into. Subsequently, they enter the code displayed in the app into the specified field on the login screen within the specified period.

Hardware Tokens

This type of 2FA relies on physical devices to generate security codes for authentication.

Here, users receive a physical Hardware Token, such as a USB key, from the authentication provider. Subsequently, they connect the Hardware Token with their account or system requiring authentication.

The Hardware Token generates a one-time unique code, similar to the Authentication app, that changes at intervals. During login attempts, users input the currently displayed passcode from the Hardware Token into the specified field on the login screen. The system verifies whether the entered passcode matches the expected code generated by the Hardware Token for authentication. If the entered passcode is accurate and matches the expected code, access is granted to the user for the account, system, or data.

Biometric Verification

This is a type of 2FA that involves using a user’s unique biological features to confirm identity.

In this type, users provide their unique biological traits, such as fingerprints, facial features, iris scans, or voice recognition, to unlock a system, with fingerprints being the most common.

During the login process, the system requests the user to provide their biometric data. Upon provision, the system compares the presented biometric data with the stored data for a match. If the biometric data matches the stored data within an acceptable threshold of similarity, access is granted to the user.

What are Authentication Factors?

Source: Transmit Security

Authentication factors refer to mechanisms used by a system to verify or authenticate a user’s identity before granting access to a system, application, account, or data the individual is attempting to access. These factors are divided into three main categories which are: Knowledge-based factor, Possession-based factor, and Biometric factor.

Knowledge-Based Factor (Something You Know)

This represents the first layer of security, which, as the name implies, requires users to provide information known only to them. This layer often involves the use of passwords, PINs (Personal Identification Numbers), or security questions specific to the user. It acts as the primary gatekeeper, requiring the user to input specific knowledge before granting access to their wallets, accounts, or sensitive data.

Possession-Based Factor (Something You Have)

This second factor in 2FA focuses on something tangible the user possesses. It involves physical items like a smartphone, security token, USB security key, or hardware token. These items generate unique codes or prompts that serve as the secondary authentication method.

The user receives these codes via SMS, email, authentication apps (such as Google Authenticator), or a hardware token, notifying them about a login attempt. The user can accept if it’s from their end or report the case if it’s from an outside source.

Additionally, these codes are time-sensitive and change periodically, enhancing security by ensuring that only the legitimate user, possessing the authorized device, can complete the authentication process.

Biometric Factor (Something You Are)

This third factor involves the unique biological or physical attributes of the user. This includes fingerprint recognition, iris scans, voice recognition, or facial recognition. These distinct characteristics are difficult to replicate, providing a high level of security.

Biometric authentication is increasingly adopted in modern 2FA systems, especially in the crypto space due to its reliability and difficulty to forge.

Here is a summary of the different authentication factors:

How Does 2-Factor Authentication Work?

Source: Throne Blog — The Processes Involved in 2FA

As previously explained, 2 2-factor authentication requires a user to provide two different means of identification before gaining access to a system or data. While the process may vary depending on the specific system or data being accessed, it generally follows these steps:

1. User Login Attempt: The user tries to log into their account or system using their username and password, constituting the first layer of security.

2. System Request for Second Factor: After entering the username and password, the system checks for the correctness of the information against its database. Subsequently, it prompts the user for the second factor of authentication, which could be based on any of the Authentication Factors (knowledge-based, possession-based, or biometric).

3. System Verification and Access: Upon submission of the second factor, the system verifies the authenticity of the provided information. The duration of this verification process may vary, ranging from minutes to hours or even days in certain cases. Access is granted only if both factors align and are authenticated.

Essentially, to access the desired data or system, successful completion of the second layer of verification is necessary. Failure to do so may result in the user being logged out or the account being temporarily or permanently locked, depending on the application or system’s policies.

How to Set Up 2-Factor Authentication for Your Gate.io Account

Adding an extra layer of security is important, especially for a cryptocurrency account. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to connect a Google Authenticator app to your Gate.io account.

1. Download an Authenticator App: Install a Google Authenticator on your Mobile device. You can get it from the Apple Store or Play Store depending on your Mobile device.

2. Access Gate.io: Open the Gate.io exchange app on your device.

3. Login to your Account: Enter your login details (Email/Username/Phone number and Password) to log in to your Gate.io account.
   

4. Go to Security Settings: Look for the “Security Settings” section within the Gate.io app and click on it.
   

5. Select Google Authenticator: Locate the “Google Authenticator” within the security settings section and copy the key.
   

6. Open Authenticator App: Launch the Google Authenticator app you previously installed on your smartphone.
   
   Source: Producing Paradise — Google Authenticator ‘code generation’ screen

7. Add an Account on Google Authenticator: Within the authenticator app, locate the add button (+). You will find two options: “Scan QR Code” or “Enter a setup key.” Click on the “Enter a setup key” option, add an account name, and then paste the security key you previously copied from the Gate.io crypto exchange to link the account.
   

8. Verify the Setup: Once you’ve bound Gate.io to your Google Authenticator app, it will generate 6-digit codes that change periodically. Enter the current code displayed on your Google Authenticator app into the Gate.io app to complete the setup.
   
   Source: Gate.io

That concludes the process. You’ve successfully connected the Google Authenticator app to your Gate.io account, thus, enabling a 2FA and improved security for your account.

Advantages of 2-Factor Authentication

• Enhanced security: Two-factor authentication significantly enhances the security of a system. This is achieved by requiring an additional verification step, thereby reducing the risk of unauthorized access. Even if users’ passwords are compromised, an extra authentication factor acts as a shield against malicious attacks.
• Protection against password breaches: In a situation where a user’s password becomes exposed or breached, 2FA acts as a safeguard. It ensures that hackers cannot gain immediate access without the secondary authentication method, thereby safeguarding the accounts and sensitive data.
• Reducing the impact of phishing attacks: Two-factor authentication helps combat phishing attacks by adding an extra layer of security to the login process. Even if users inadvertently disclose their passwords through phishing, attackers (mostly hackers) will still need a second factor to access the account
• Safeguarding sensitive information: For individuals or organizations handling sensitive information, 2FA is essential. It strengthens the security of financial transactions, personal data, confidential documents, and critical systems, reducing the risk of data breaches or theft.
• Increases users’ trust and confidence: Users feel more secure knowing their account is protected by an additional layer of security. The implementation of 2FA enhances user confidence in systems, services, and businesses, fostering trust and loyalty.

Disadvantages of 2-Factor Authentication

• System complexity: Some 2-factor authentication methods are not user-friendly. Users might find them cumbersome and challenging to operate, particularly when multiple steps are involved. This could lead to user frustration and avoidance.
• Loss of account: If a user misplaces their mobile device or the device containing their authentication code, such as an authentication app, without any backup in place, the user is at risk of being locked out of the account or losing it permanently.
• Dependency on other devices: A typical example is the hardware token. This method relies on specific devices like USB keys, and users may find it inconvenient to carry or manage these devices consistently.

Recent Developments in 2-Factor Authentication

Google Introduces Passkeys for Simpler User Logins

Source: Ars Technica — Steps involved in authorizing Google Passkey

On May 3rd, 2023, Google announced a new development and upgrade to their security protocol by implementing passkeys for their users. They claim that the new protocol is much “simpler and safer” compared to the traditional password system and it is currently available for all Google account users.

Passkeys are simple, easy-to-access security protocols that protect a user’s sensitive information by ensuring that only authorized users can access an account or data. While passwords provide a primary layer of security, they can be easily forgotten by users and, in some cases, fall into the wrong hands, leading to theft or data loss. With passkeys, accounts are more secure, helping to prevent phishing attacks.

Microsoft Implements Number Matching to Strengthen Security

Source: Microsoft

Similar to Google, Microsoft has launched an additional layer of security, number matching, which will be available to Microsoft Authenticator users.

Numbering matching involves users responding to multi factor authentication (MFA) push notifications by entering a displayed number into the Authenticator app for approval. With number matching, Microsoft users will receive an Authenticator push notification when attempting a login.

Number matching, a security feature implemented in Microsoft’s Authenticator app, isn’t supported on Apple Watch or Android wearable devices for push notifications. Users of these wearables must use their phones to approve notifications when this feature is activated.

Overall, this security feature aims to strengthen security and reduce user frustration associated with multi-factor authentication by simplifying the process through number matching.

Conclusion

2-factor authentication (2FA) has emerged as a game-changer in the digital security landscape. With the ever-evolving cyber threat landscape, 2FA provides a vital additional layer of protection, significantly enhancing the security of our online accounts, data, and transactions.

The various methods, from SMS-based to biometric verification, cater to different needs and preferences, offering varying levels of convenience and security. While challenges like user complexity and device dependence exist, the advantages of enhanced security, reduced data breaches, and increased user trust far outweigh them.

Recent advancements like Google’s passkeys and Microsoft number matching further contribute to a more secure and streamlined online experience. Thus, embracing 2FA is no longer optional but an essential step in safeguarding our digital lives in this increasingly interconnected world. Remember, security is a shared responsibility, and by actively adopting 2FA, we can collectively build a more secure and resilient digital ecosystem.